Eco365 Supply and Demand Simulation Paper - 761 Words

Supply and Demand Simulation ECO/365 Supply and Demand Simulation In the University of Phoenix simulation (2003), students are taken through the supply and demand of two-bedroom apartments in a city called Atlantis. The simulation itself is used as a tool to learn about the demand and supply curves as well as equilibrium. Other key learning points are the factors that affect supply and demand, the effect that a price ceiling has on the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied. Throughout the simulation, students determine the rental rates or how many apartments are rented out for a given month. A microeconomic principle that stood out at the beginning of the simulation was the use of the word â€Å"monopoly†. The simulated†¦show more content†¦The second macroeconomic principle from the simulation was the supply curve demonstration. The student is tasked to identify correctly, the rental rate that the company would charge if it were to lease out all of the apartments. For any supplier, production cost s normally increase for each additional unit of the product. In the case of the simulation, it was maintenance costs that were added for each unit rented out. This added cost meant that the rental rate had to increase as well. When the rental rate increased, the number of apartments that management was willing to lease out increased. This was a basic demonstration of how the supply curve works. At one point within the simulation, there is a shift in the demand curve. This is because there was an increase in the population in the city. At any given rental rate, more people rented apartments. This resulted in an increase in demand but the supply remained the same. As a result, the demand curve shifted to the right. The new equilibrium price is now higher than before and the number of apartments demanded and supplied increases. The change in expectations of management caused the supply of two-bedroom apartments to decrease. The expectation was that more individuals would prefer to live in a condo vice the two-bedroom apartment. It also eventually occurred and as a result, this factor caused the supply curve to shift to theShow MoreRelatedSupply and Demand Simulation983 Words   |  4 Pages   ECO365 Supply and Demand Simulation Student Name ECO/365 – Principles of Microeconomics Instructor Name Date Introduction Supply and Demand is a phrase that every one hears in one way or another, Supply and demand phrase according to Colander, (2010) is the most used phrase by economist and the reason is because the phrase provides a good â€Å"off-the-cuff† answer for many question that have to do with economy. Example why are interest rates to Low? Because supply and demand. Why is GasolineRead MoreSupply and Demand Simulation Paper1130 Words   |  5 PagesSupply and Demand Simulation Paper Principles of Microeconomics 365 Matthew J. Angner June 1, 2010 University of Phoenix Online Introduction The supply and demand simulation was based on the management of rental apartments by GoodLife Management. The apartments are in a fictitious town called Atlantis. Topics that will be reviewed in this paper include changes in supply and demand, how shifts in supply and demand affects decision-making, key points from the reading assignments that

Administrative Unworkability in Trusts Example

Essays on Administrative Unworkability in Trusts Essay ï » ¿Critically Examine the Concept of Administrative Unworkability in Trusts Sometimes the characteristics of the trust might be impracticable such that the trustee is unable to do according to the settler’s wishes. When the trust becomes administratively unworkable, then it becomes invalid. The importance of the trust workability is explained by Lord Eldon as follows: the effecting of the trust shall be under the management of the court and it its nature must allow it to be under that control; the court under this circumstance shall be able to review the trust administratively or execute it, the trust can be reformed in case of maladministration and an outstanding administration directed. A trust may fail on the basis of administrative unworkability. This occurs when the words in the trust are clear in their meaning but the definition of the beneficiaries is very wide such that it becomes practically impossible to determine the real beneficiaries (In Brief n.d., p1). The meaning of administrative unworkability can be found in the case of McPhail v Doulton presided over by Lord Wilberforce. Lord Wilberforce invalidates a discretional trust and asserts that it is an extension of evidential ambiguity criterion. Hardcastle reviews the arguments that supported and rejected the workability criterion. He raises query whether the size of objects alone is enough to make a trust invalid. He further suggests that the Lord Wilberforce ruling is based on the possible large number of beneficiaries and lack of proof in the definitional criteria. Hardcastle further asserts that administrative unworkability is also applicable to fixed trusts (Ramjohn 2008, p111). He further questions whether the same notion is applied to the powers of appointment. Lord Wilberforce failed to give enough reasons as to why the discretional trust should be annulled on that account. McKay in the (1974) 38 Conv 269 suggested that Lord Wilberforce was not justified to view the basis on either judicial execution or administrative viability. Despite the reservations in this case, the concept of administrative unworkability was adopted in the R v District Auditor ex p West Yorkshire Metropolitan CC (1986); Lloyd J declared that the trust in favour of all, some or any of the West Yorkshire inhabitants was invalid on that basis, that is, it was administratively unworkable (Iwobi 2001, p23). According to Lord Wilberforce, a court must be able to control the trust. The judicial execution must take into consideration the limits within which the trust has been defined. These are the parameters in which the court gets a guide to reserve its own rulings for that of the trustees. The primary objective of the court is to execute the trust in the most practical way; the one intended to fulfil the settler’s intentions. The court is left with several options and the difficulty lies within the determination of the barriers to the judicial execution (Ramjohn 2008, p111). The trust should be drafted in a way that its objects are certain and can enable the administration of the trust by the court. The court should be able to judge whether or not the administration of the trust was carried out in the right way. The extent of the trust may make it difficult for it to be executed, that is, it may become administratively unworkable and in such a situation the trust is declared invalid (Hudson 2009, p146). The nature of the trustees from case to case (that is, the identity and capacity) may influence the administrative workability of the trust power. If the trust requirements make it difficult for the trustee to do their legal duties, then the trust becomes invalidated (Hudson 2009, p147). There are cases where the court is ultimately required to execute the trust and not the power. An example is the County of West Yorkshire which numbered around 2.5 million people; the trust in the case R v District Auditors ex p West Yorkshire CC was declared by the court to be administratively impracticable (unworkable). The trustees were unable to make legal obligations because of the terms of the trust (Wilson 2007, p113). The trustees were required to distribute the property to all the inhabitants of West Yorkshire but it was held unworkable for the trustees and thus invalidation of the trust (Hudson 2008, p39). Controversy in the Application of Administrative Unworkability in Trusts The concept of administrative unworkability has been faced with controversy, especially in its application to the execution of trusts. The McPhail v Doulton case was taken to the High Court to determine whether the test for certainty was enough in respect to the trust powers. The High Court ruling favoured the validity of the trust. The same decision was confirmed by the Court of Appeal in the Re Baden’s Deed Trusts (No 2) [1973] Ch 9. The issue addressed was whether the terms dependants and relatives were certain in relation to linguistics. The Court of Appeal ruled that the certainty test was capable of giving a narrower definition of the expressions dependants and relatives. The test applied depends on the type of trust; discretional or a fixed trust. For a fixed trust, Ascertainability test is applied. Fro the discretional test, Individual Ascertainability test is applicable (In Brief n.d., p1). Each Lord Justice of the Court of Appeal had a different approach to the certainty test. Five approaches were at least adopted; the question of fact approach, the substantial number approach, the strict approach, and the dictionary approach (Ramjohn 2004, p129). The Re Hay’s Settlement Trusts give two propositions; (a) that the criterion of administrative unworkability is applicable to discretional trusts but not to sheer powers, (b) and that there may be a criterion of unreliability that will invalidate the special judicial powers but not the intermediate judicial powers. This means that if the administrative unworkability basis is on justiciability rather than administrative inconvenience, then it becomes very difficult to differentiate it from unreliability. From these propositions, it becomes difficult to know the problems in the execution or administration (Bean, Dewar and Moffat 2005 p230). References Bean, G., Dewar, J. Moffat, G. (2005) Trust laws: Text and materials. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hudson, A. (2008) Understanding equity trusts. Oxon, OX: Taylor Francis. Hudson, A. (2009) Equity and trusts. Oxon, OX: Taylor Francis. In Brief. (n.d.) Certainty of objects: A requirement to create an express trust [online], In Brief. Available from: [Accessed 22 January 2011]. Iwobi, A. (2001) Essentials trusts law. London, UK: Routledge. Ramjohn, M. (2004) Cases materials on trusts. London, UK: Routledge. Ramjohn, M. (2008) Text, cases and materials on equity and trusts. Oxon, OX: Taylor Francis. Wilson, S. (2007) Todd Wilson’s textbook on trusts. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Interagency Collaboration and Training †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Interagency Collaboration and Training. Answer: Introduction: Decision making is the cognitive process of deciding from the series of an alternative. Before making a decision, I will consider whether to use a rational approach or bounded approach. The approach I will use will depend on the importance of the decision to the company, the amount of information available, the amount of time available for the decision to be made and also the person with the final authority to be made (Hughes and wearing, 2016). Before making this decision, I will consider whether it will affect the clients or the workers. When the decision is to affect the workers, I will involve they in the decision-making process by giving them a questioner to fill so that I can determine what they like. Clients can be involved in the decision-making process by involving them in low-level participation in consultative forums as well as maximum participation like making them key shareholders so that they can be associated with the management of the firm. Before I make the decision to my organization, I will consider some factors which may lead to its delay. The factors that I will consider are: whether the management information process is effective, the opinions from the clients and the workers and what technology to be used. The decision should also advocate for the safety of the children and on the working and buying environment. Before I make a decision, I will also risk involved in the decision. Some of the elements I will consider are the degree of control people believe they have, how the people are familiar with the risk, how the risk ill affect decision negatively and weather the risks perceived consequences are shared (Aven, 2015). The risk will not stop me from making a decision, but I will first consider the outcome. The risk when not handled well, it may result in a false positive error or a false negative error. The false positive error will make my company spend a lot of money while false negative error will lead to my company deteriorating due to underestimation (McDonald, et al., 2011). A negative risk is so risky for my organization because it will lead to malpractice suits by the social workers, the media will report negatively about our firm, and this will affect our clients leading to low clients turn over (Haimes, 2015). Personally, have made some good and bad decision. For example, employees were being given one day off from work. When I joined the organization, I changed the policy by canceling the day of and all the employees were to attend work all day (Xiao, et al., 2013). To me, I thought that the amount of work turnover would increase due to more hours by the social workers. The employee of the company did not take the policy slightly, they were opposing, and they went on strike leading to damage of properties and shutting down the business for three months (Kadushin Harkness, 2014). A good decision that had brought to the company is the policy of employee appraisal. The employee worked harder to reach the target set and to earn a bonus. This made the productivity of the company to increase (Kaslow, 2014). The relationship between the supervisor and the supervisee is the foundation of work which will occur in supervision (Derry, et al, 2014). It is vital for the supervisor and the supervisee to create a good working condition for the work to flow. A good working relation between the two leads to high productivity and constructive feedback about the employee, in a nonjudgmental and supportive environment, boosts workers morale. Essential elements of the supervisee-supervisor relation include; encouraging self-disclosure, examining diversity issue, identifying transference and countering those transfer, encouraging self-disclosure, trust, and establishing appropriate boundaries (Morrison, 2007). An effective supervisor is one who: Treats the employee with respect, is honest, open and says what he knows and the one he does not know. Works at developing collaboration and trust rather than mistrust Is good in communication skills, listen to the complaints of the supervisees and involve them in decision making. Has a limit and understands the purpose of supervisor relationship Be willing to consult when there is unfamiliar topic Is available all time when the work is in progress. In the circumstance that an organization starts working with other organization, the workers will get stress when there is new technology to learn and when the work output increases. The management will be stressed when there is new technology to be bought, and the client will be stressed when there is a new format to follow for the goods to be delivered or when the number of clients has increased leading to delay in services. For the organization to communicate effectively to its workers about the changes, specific area in communication like managing conflict, working in teams, using technology to communicate and writing skill should be fine-tuned. In the office, conflict can be solved in several ways, and this includes Negotiation, Mediation, Arbitration, and Reconciliation (Fisher, 2016). The three sources of emotion that can lead to conflict are the mezzo, macro, and micro. In the organization I worked, the workers were bitter about the one day off policy I canceled. They ganged up and conducted unarrest. This type of emotion is a group emotional response hence its a macro source. This type of emotion can be managed by the firms if the workers are allowed to form a trade union and they have a representative to channel their grievances. The workers should also respond to this type of dissatisfaction by channeling complains to the administration rather than engaging in unrests (Afzalur, 2002). Conflict is when the parties do not agree on the same point. In my organization, there has been a conflict between the purchasing department and the finance department on which unit to use the new building and new machines (Fisher, 2016). The purchasing department claims that they are many and their office is congested while the finance department claims that their operations are so technical that they need new machines to work on. The conflict has led to the two departments not in good terms resulting to slow process of a cheque to the supply chain department, and the goods brought to the finance department also delay. The conflict between two departments affects the company and the company have tried to use the conflict solving process with a promise to make the condition equal to the two departments. Conflict is so expensive for a company and may cause them a lot of money (Fisher, 2016). With the growth in technology, it is essential for every firm to use technology to attract and to serve my customer. Ethically, it is easy to identify roles and to put them in place while doing this online is hard. My company uses social sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram and WhatsApp to update the clients about the products and when there is offer. Employees are restricted from using social media while at the job because it wastes a lot of time and there are CCTV to check on the same, and when found, huge penalties are levied. When at home, social workers are updated on job and products through WhatsApp group. This keep workers alert and a peaceful co-existence is created. The company also experiences some challenges in using social Medias since not all employees are on WhatsApp group and other time it is hard for the employee to stay without using their phones. Working in groups is an important thing for organizations. Through group dynamic, I learn that each group experience different stages of development. There is no surety that a group will graduate to the next stage and the time taken by a group in one stage varies (Ciarrochi and Mayer, 2013). It is important for organization for its members to be in groups since knowledge, vision, skills, interest, aim as well as needs are of benefit to the group. The clients also benefit from group work since combine effort of the workers leads to high production (Goleman, et al, 2013). Reference Afzalur Rahim, M. (2002). Toward a theory of managing organizational conflict. International journal of conflict management, 13(3), 206-235. Anderson, D. R., Sweeney, D. J., Williams, T. A., Camm, J. D., Cochran, J. J. (2015). An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Aven, T. (2015). Risk analysis. John Wiley Sons. Ciarrochi, J., Mayer, J. D. (2013). Applying emotional intelligence: A practitioner's guide. Psychology Press. Derry, S. J., Schunn, C. D., Gernsbacher, M. A. (Eds.). (2014). Interdisciplinary collaboration: An emerging cognitive science. Psychology Press. Fisher, R. J. (2016). Generic principles for resolving intergroup conflict. In Ronald J. Fisher: A North American Pioneer in Interactive Conflict Resolution (pp. 87-104). Springer International Publishing. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R., McKee, A. (2013). Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Haimes, Y. Y. (2015). Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Hughes, M., Wearing, M. (2016). Organisations and management in social work: everyday action for change. Sage. Kadushin, A., Harkness, D. (2014). Supervision in social work. Columbia University Press. Kaslow, F. (2014). Supervision and training: Models, dilemmas, and challenges. Routledge. McDonald, M., Rosier, K. (2011). Interagency Collaboration: Does collaboration benefit children and Families? Exploring the evidence. Morrison, T. (2007). Emotional intelligence, emotion and social work: Context, characteristics, complications and contribution. British Journal of Social Work, 37(2), 245-263. Xiao, Y., Parker, S. H., Manser, T. (2013). Teamwork and collaboration. Reviews of human factors and ergonomics, 8(1), 55-102.

History of Cpu free essay sample

The first single chip CPU was the Intel 4004 invented in Nov 1971, a 4-bit processor meant for a calculator. It processed data in 4 bits, but its instructions were 8 bits long. Program and data were separate. In 1972, Texax Instruments followed the Intel 4004/4040 closely with the 4-bit TMS 1000, which was the first microprocessor to include enough RAM, and space for a program ROM, to allow it to operate without multiple external support chips. It also featured an innovative feature to add custom instructions to the CPU. The 8080 was the successor to the 8008 in April 1972. While the 8008 had 14 bit PC and addressing, the 8080 had a 16 bit address bus and an 8 bit data bus. Internally it had seven 8 bit registers, a 16 bit stack pointer to memory which replaced the 8 level internal stack of the 8008, and a 16 bit program counter. It also had several I/O ports 256 of them, so I/O devices could be hooked up without taking away or interfering with the addressing space, and a signal pin that allowed the stack to occupy a separate bank of memory. We will write a custom essay sample on History of Cpu or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Intel updated the design with the 8085 in1976, which added two instructions to enable/disable three added interrupt pins and the serial I/O pins, and simplified hardware by only using +5V power, and adding clock generator and bus controller circuits on-chip. The 8080 was the successor to the 8008 in April 1972. While the 8008 had 14 bit PC and addressing, the 8080 had a 16 bit address bus and an 8 bit data bus. Internally it had seven 8 bit registers, a 16 bit stack pointer to memory which replaced the 8 level internal stack of the 8008, and a 16 bit program counter. It also had several I/O ports 256 of them, so I/O devices could be hooked up without taking away or interfering with the addressing space, and a signal pin that allowed the stack to occupy a separate bank of memory. Intel updated the design with the 8085 in1976, which added two instructions to enable/disable three added interrupt pins and the serial I/O pins, and simplified hardware by only using +5V power, and adding clock generator and bus controller circuits on-chip. The Z-80 was intended to be an improved 8080 in 1976, and it was vastly improved. It also used 8 bit data and 16 bit addressing, and could execute all of the 8080 (but not 8085) op codes, but included 80 more, instructions. The register set was doubled, with two banks of data registers that could be switched between. This allowed fast operating system or interrupt context switches. The Z-80 also added two index registers and 2 types of relocatable vectored interrupts. The thing that really made the Z-80 popular in designs was the memory interface the CPU generated its own RAM refresh signals, which meant easier design and lower system cost, the deciding factor in its selection for the TRS-80 Model 1. That and its 8080 compatibility, and CP/M, the first standard microprocessor operating system, made it the first choice of many systems. Shortly after Intels 8080, Motorola introduced the 6800 in 1975. Some of the designers left to start MOS Technologies, which introduced the 650x series which included the 6501 (pin compatible with the 6800, taken off the market almost immediately for legal reasons) and the 6502. Like the 6800 series, varients were produced which added features like I/O ports or reduced costs with smaller address buses (6507 13-bit 8K address bus in the Atari 2600). The 650x was little endian (lower address byte could be added to an index register while higher byte was fetched) and had a completely different instruction set from the big endian 6800. Apple designer Steve Wozniak described it as the first chip you could get for less than a hundred dollars (actually a quarter of the 6800 price) it became the CPU of choice for many early home computers (8 bit Commodore and Atari products). Like the 6502, the 6809 was based on the Motorola 6800, though the 6809 expanded the design significantly. The 6809 had two 8 bit accumulators and could combine them into a single 16 bit register. It also featured two index registers and two stack pointers, which allowed for some very advanced addressing modes. The 6809 was source compatible with the 6800, even though the 6800 had 78 instructions and the 6809 only had around 59. Some instructions were replaced by more general ones which the assembler would translate, and some were even replaced by addressing modes. While the 6800 and 6502 both had a fast 8 bit mode to address the first 256 bytes of RAM, the 6809 had an 8 bit Direct Page register to locate this fast address page anywhere in the 64K address space.